If you have the actual final drive ratio and the tire diameter, it's pretty easy to calculate road speed versus rpm. I don't happen to have the specs for a Softail Springer, so I haven't done the calculations. But I did do a similar set of calculations for the older model Touring bikes a few years back in response to a question about theoretical max top speed, and I can tell you that the 2003-2006 five speed Touring models with stock gearing and tires were good for exactly 150 mph at 6200 rpm in top gear. Of course while it would be possible to pull those numbers on a drum, it would be impossible to come close on the road due to aerodynamic drag, tire drag, etc.
Anyhow, what does this have to do with the OP's question?
TLC, if the guy doing the dyno testing is a real pro he can do a full dyno tune without causing undue stress to your engine and drivetrain. The trick is finding someone who is fully competent. It seems that every podunk Harley shop jumped on the "performance" bandwagon over the past decade or so, and many went out and bought a DynoJet. There is no shortage of hardware, but there is a real shortage of fully qualified and knowledgeable folks to use that equipment.
The biggest danger to your engine is excessive heat and excessive load at low rpms. A good dyno room will have controlled conditions and high volume airflow over the engine, and a good dyno operator won't hammer the bike in upper gears from low rpms. If you see a WOT run in top gear that starts out below 2500 rpm or so, I'd submit that the operator doesn't understand the current state of Harley crankshaft quality.
Anyhow, the short answer IMHO is that when done properly, an occasional dyno test is no worse on your engine than those occasional wide open throttle blasts that most of us perform out on some country highway every once in awhile.
Jerry