How do I know if I need a tuner? I put on Klock Werks Double Back headers and V&H Hi Output Carbon mufflers on my 2015 SG. I have had many Harley's throughout the years, none of them had tuners, they all ran good in my opinion. To me, this bike runs great. Seems more powerful after the exhaust change. I get no decel popping whatsoever. I have zero experience with tuners. Do I just install a tuner to see if it runs better. Thanks
The computer has an airflow table in it that is programmed to the stock configuration. The computer uses this air table when calculating how much fuel to inject for a given desired air fuel ratio. For example at cruise it may request 14.7:1 and at WOT it may request 12.5:1. When you change anything that changes the airflow through the engine, the airflow table in the computer is no longer accurate to the build. It will achieve these results when the tables are accurate.
Your bike also has an adaptive fuel feature that will add or subtract up to 10% fuel above or below the base mapping. After that it is most likely about a 22% (or thereabouts - the value changed over the years) additional when it's running but the additional will not be written to the computer. What happens when you add exhaust is the adaptive trims go up or down and the computer attempts to get it running back to the factory air fuel requests. It adds this fuel in the closed loop areas and applies it in open loop conditions as well.
As the bike was ridden after the exhaust change, it began learning. As an end user you can't see if the trims are maxed out. If properly tuned by a competent tuner, there's probably a little more in it as the tuner will adjust WOT timing and fuel. They can also slew the closed loop area to run slightly richer in closed loop (minimal but every little bit helps). If you had changed compression, cams or anything that drastically changed airflow and compression, the adaptive fuel features would not be able to adjust for that as timing would also need to be addressed.
This is the simple version. Hope this helps shed a little light on your question.